Growth pattern, mortality and reproductive biology of common sole,<i>Solea solea</i>(Linneaus, 1758), in the Sea of Marmara, Turkey

Abstract The study deals with the growth pattern, mortality, and reproduction of common sole, Solea solea (Linneaus, 1758), from Sea Marmara (Turkey). A total 580 fish specimens were sampled monthly October 2017 to September 2018. length all individuals ranged 11.1 29.5 cm, corresponding ages 1 3 years. length–weight relationship was expressed as W = 0.022 TL 2.6838 , where slope indicated negative allometric growth. Growth parameters L ? 33.7 k 0.48, t 0 ?0.18 for samples. seasonally oscillating model, indicating amplitude oscillations, revealed an important seasonal pattern. Total, natural, fishing mortality rates calculated 1.42, 0.47, 1.01, respectively. exploitation ratio (E 0.68) indicates that pressure on sole in high. sex (?/?) 1.18. gonadosomatic index (GSI) females showed two main spawning seasons observed: one spring (May) autumn (September–October). Sizes at onset sexual maturity estimated both males 21.6 18.6